2011年7月15日 星期五

「競爭的」全球化?還是「壟斷的」全球化? by kenef



暢銷書告訴我們:「世界是平的。」

「我們活在競爭日漸激烈的全球化年代,香港如果不能提高競爭力,將被上海淘汰!」這種日夜在報章新聞宣傳的屁話,比人肉錄音機更煩人。

如果資本主義的世界,真是一個開放的、人人有機會創業的、有商業頭腦肯吃苦就可成功的世界,我們這些「八十後」還用問「自己為何做不到李嘉誠」嗎?今天這篇文章,正是要點出所謂「全球化」,不啻是壟斷資本的全球化。


文章的題目“Internationalization of Monopoly Capital”,源自Paul Sweezy的一篇文章(1),裡面提到1974-5年經濟衰退後,資本主義的三個重要趨勢;「壟斷資本的全球化」,正是三者中最少人談論的一項。

作者劈頭就打碎新自由主義的幻想:百多間小店在公平的「市場」上競爭。這個「市場」除了忘記了國家的存在,亦無視了大企業對市場的操縱,傳統的「市場」概念已不管用。現實是,同一市場中,佔壟斷位置的幾間「龍頭企業」,他們的關係介乎於競爭與合作之間。

Rather we are confronted with a dialectic of rivalry and collusion.3 In particular, “price competition”—or “price warfare,” as it is often called in business—is viewed as too dangerous, and generally avoided by the giant corporations.

「全球的汽車工業已合併成6-8間公司,全球的錄音工業主要四間公司包辦,十家公司掌控整個藥物工業,生產民航機的公司只有兩間。」這只是1999年的情況。除了「行頭窄」,作者還找了一堆數字,說明FDIForeign Direct Investment)有上升的趨勢,大企業亦有分散生產和銷售於外國分公司的趨勢——這一一也印證了「壟斷資本的全球化」,也就是一所總部設於已發展國家的大企業,把業務和生產線分散到世界各地。當中最誇張的,莫過於把所有工序外判到東南亞的「空殼公司」nike了。有統計指出,一對售價$149.5美金的球鞋,只消花$1.5在工資上。

接著作者又提到一些阻礙我們理解「壟斷資本全球化」的說法。首先是用地區或國家去理解經濟,比如「上海取代香港」,就是把地區的競爭當成資本的競爭。「上海取代香港」的效果,對銀行或大公司來說只是部門調配,完全沒有到影響他們的壟斷地位。

另一個錯誤的想法,是把「工人的競爭」和「資本的競爭」搞亂。全球化加劇的不是「資本的競爭」,而是各地「工人的競爭」。最簡單的解釋是,資本的流動性遠比工人高,因此資本可以透過撤走,以「失業」威脅工人。在資本分散的情況下,資本亦可以利用「分而治之」的方式,對付採取對抗的工人。

In Marxian theory, competition between workers, as distinct from competition between capitals (or competition proper), is related to the class struggle. It is a form of conflict engendered between workers by capital through the creation of an industrial reserve army of the unemployed. This divide-and-rule strategy integrates disparate labor surpluses, ensuring a constant and growing supply of recruits to the global reserve army, which is made less recalcitrant by insecure employment and the continual threat of unemployment.

……

The threat to move production abroad to areas where wages are cheaper and working conditions are worse is directed at workers almost everywhere, even in the low-wage periphery of the world capitalist system, anytime workers try to organize. A classic case can be found in Britain in 1971, when Henry Ford II declared, in response to strikes by British auto workers, that parts of the Ford Escort and Cortina models would, in the future, be manufactured in Asia.

作者最後的結論是,「壟斷資本全球化」在累積資本的同時,除了強化了剝削(獲得更多剩餘價值),亦加劇了經濟衰退的趨勢。資本之所以要分散全球,本來就是因為利潤率下降。當母公司和子公司環環相扣到一個「跨國企業佔美國出口的77%和入口的65%」的地步時,不難預料經濟衰退及危機將是全球性的。然後透過政府注資,大公司繼續吞吃無數打工仔用血汗錢交的稅,相信我們對這樣的故事都十分熟悉了。

The main consequences of the internationalization of monopoly capital for accumulation are the intensification of world exploitation and a deepening tendency to stagnation. Since the 1970s, there has been a worsening slowdown in the rate of growth of the world economy centered in the advanced capitalist economies—while many of the most dire effects of the world crisis are falling on the poorest countries of the world. The growth of international monopoly-finance capital has not only spread stagnation across much of the globe but has also given rise to financialization, as the giant firms, unable to find sufficient investment outlets for their enormous economic surpluses within production, increasingly turn to speculation within the global financial sphere.

「壟斷資本全球化」的內在矛盾是怎樣的?這個矛盾和「利益率下降趨勢」的關係是怎樣,文章沒有詳述。但理清所謂「全球化」下的「競爭」究竟是甚麼,對理解實際上世界經濟怎樣運作,以及識破新自由主義的謊言,也是有幫助的。


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